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MLA style citation formats starting in 2009 include the medium type of the resource being cited. Below is a list of some of the medium types that may be use. This list is not comprehensive.
Anything in physical hard copy print. e.g. book, brochure, pamphlet, magazine, newspaper,etc.
Web
Anything access via the Internet or World Wide Web. e.g. website, blog, etc.
Communications: state the type of communication. e.g.
Interview or Personal Interview
Letter (unpublished) if published, use Print as medium type
Sound recordings: state the format of the recording. e.g.
Audio Cassette
CD
DVD
LP
MP3 File
Podcast
Radio Broadcast
Video: state the format of the video. e.g.
DVD
Film
TV Broadcast
Digital Files: state the type of file, followed by the word file. e.g.
JPEG File
TIFF File
PDF File
GIF File
Excel File
PowerPoint File
Other:
Address
Lecture
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Bibliography / Works Cited
A list of writings (or other information resources) used or considered by an author in preparing a particular work.*
Whenever you do research, you must give credit to those people who proposed unique ideas or provided special information that you incorporate into your research product. Often the supporting evidence you cite will come from the work of others. It is your responsibility to acknowledge the original authors or researchers for their words, ideas or images.
Your bibliography is an alphabetical listing of the resources you used in your research. You must include detailed information about each resource such as the author, title, publisher and copyright date. When no author is listed, then use the title of the resource to alphabetize your bibliography. Newton South High School follows the Modern Language Association (MLA) format. Examples of many types of information resources are attached. Pay close attention to punctuation, indention, and spacing. Every detail is important. Following these guidelines will ensure that your bibliographic format is correct. All departments at Newton South have endorsed this bibliography document.
Plagiarize
- To use or pass off as one's own (the ideas or writings of another)
- To appropriate for use as one's own passages or ideas from (another). To put forth as original to oneself the ideas or words of another*
Plagiarism is the unacknowledged use of the ideas, words or images of another person. High schools and colleges across America expect students and researchers to document all of the information sources they use. Many schools provide guidelines for avoiding plagiarism, including yours. Newton South High School has a "Plagiarism Policy" that is included in The Orange Lion. Every student should review it. To avoid any suspicion of plagiarism, be sure to give credit where credit is due. Acknowledge all interviews, images, and other people's words or ideas when you submit your work.
Whenever you are uncertain, be sure to ask your teacher or librarian. Always keep in mind that it is better to document a source than to omit documentation.
(*Definitions from American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, ©1992)
All bibliographic examples in this handout were developed using the Modern Language Association(MLA) formats as described in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition, ©2009.
Prepared by the Newton South High School Library staff ©2010
BOOKS
BOOK WITH ONE AUTHOR:
Last name, First name. Title. City of publication: Publisher, Publication/copyright date. Medium.
BOOK WITH TWO AUTHORS:
Last name, First name, and First name Last name. Title. City: Publisher, copyright date. Medium.
Rutherford, F. James, and Andrew Ahlgren. Science for All Americans. New York: Oxford UP, 1990. Print.
BOOK WITH NO AUTHOR:
If anonymous/no author or editor is given, begin the citation with the title of the book (omit a, an, the). e.g.
Go Ask Alice. New York: Avon, 1989. Print .
AN EDITED BOOK : Add ed. (for editor) or comp. (for compiler) after the name.
Last name, First name, ed. Title. City: Publisher, copyright date. Medium.
McGuckin, Frank, ed. Volunteerism. New York: Wilson, 1998. Print.
A CHAPTER OR SECTION OF A BOOK / ANTHOLOGY:Last name, First name. "Title of chapter or section (if given)." Title of book. Editor's name, Ed. City: Publisher,
copyright date. Page(s). Medium.
Allende, Isabel. "Toad's Mouth." A Hammock beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America. Ed. Thomas Colchie.
New York: Plume, 1992. 83-88. Print.
E-BOOKS : electronic digital versions for print books availabel from the publisher via the Web. Use the citation given with the book/article. e.g.
"Kinds of Tundras." UXL Encyclopedia of Biomes. Ed. Marlene Weigel. Vol. 3: River and Stream, Seashore, Tundra,
Wetland. Detroit: UXL, 2000. 438-439. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 20 Oct. 2010.A book from Google Books: title accessed from www.books.google.com
Last name, First name. Title. City of publication: Publisher, Publication/copyright date. Google Books. Web.
Date accessed.Frost, Robert. North of Boston. New York: Henry Holt, 1922. Google Books. Web. 18 Jan. 2011.
GENERAL ENCYCLOPEDIA:
Author of article (if listed) Last name first. "Title of Article." Title of Encyclopedia. Edition by year. Medium.
Deese, David, A. "Persian Gulf War." The World Book Encyclopedia. 1999 ed. Print.
SPECIALIZED ENCYCLOPEDIAS:
SIGNED ARTICLE (alphabetical encyclopedia):Author of article, Last name first. "Title of Article." Title of Encyclopedia. Editor of encyclopedia (if listed) First
name first. City: Publisher, copyright date. Medium.Kemp, Martin. "Leonardo da Vinci." The Dictionary of Art. Ed. Jane Turner. New York: Grove, 2002. Print.
UNSIGNED ARTICLE (alphabetical encyclopedia):"Title of Article." Title of Encyclopedia. Editor of encyclopedia (if listed) First name first. City: Publisher,
copyright date. Medium."Arthur, King." World Monarchies and Dynasties. Ed. John Middleton. Armonk, NY: Sharpe Reference,
2005. Print.
SIGNED ARTICLE (non-alphabetical encyclopedia):Author of article, Last name first. "Title of Article." Title of Encyclopedia. Editor of encyclopedia (if listed)
First name first. Volume number. City: Publisher, copyright date. Page(s). Medium.Gordon, Nancy M. "Newcomen Develops the Steam Engine." Great Events from History: The 18 th Century.
Ed. John Powell. Vol I. Pasadena, CA: Salem, 2006. 56-58. Print.UNSIGNED ARTICLE (non-alphabetical encyclopedia):
"Title of Article." Title of Encyclopedia. Editor of encyclopedia (if listed) Ed. First name first. Volume number.
City: Publisher, copyright date. Page(s). Medium."Mali." Encyclopedia of African History and Culture: From Conquest to Colonization (1500 to 1850).
Ed. Willie F. Page. Vol III. New York: Facts On File. 2001. 157-158. Print.
ONLINE ENCYCLOPEDIA: web-basedAuthor of article (if listed) Last name first. "Title of Article." Title of Online Encyclopedia. Date of publication
or most recent update. Publisher. Web. Date accessed. <URL>.Deese, David, A. "Persian Gulf War." The World Book Online. 2002. World Book. Web. 29 Sept. 2002
<http://www.worldbookonline.com>.
App - computer software
Author of article (if listed). Title of App. Computer software. Website Title. Version number. Publisher. Date
published/created. Web. Date accessed.
Gray, Theodore. The Elements. Computer software. The Apple Store. Vers. 1.0.2.1. Element Collection. 1 June 2010. Web.
23 Feb. 2012. <http://itunes.apple.com/us/app/the-elements-a-visual-exploration/id364147847?mt=8>
ATLAS - map in an atlas or a book
Title of book. Editor's name. "Title of map." Map. City: Publisher, copyright date. Page(s). Medium.
World Atlas. Andrew Heritage, ed. "Bulgaria & Greece." Map. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2000. 116-117. Print.
BLOG
A Blog should be cited as a website.
Last name, First name, "Title of individual blog entry." Weblog entry. Name of Weblog.
Sponsoring organization -- if any. Date posted. Web. Date accessed. <URL>.Bradley, David. "Cloud Spotting." Weblog entry. Sciencebase Science Blog. 12 June 2009. Web. 16 June 2009.
<http://www.sciencebase.com/science-blog/cloud-spotting.html>.
NOTE: URL is optional.
DATABASES
DIGITAL FILES (images audio, video)For online subscription databases (eg. InfoTrac, JStor, Student Resource Center, Social Studies Database, etc.) use the source citation information given with the article. e.g.
Glazer, S. (2009, May 29). “Future of books.” CQ Researcher, 19, 473-500. Retrieved June 18, 2009, from CQ Researcher
Online, http://library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2009052900.Jo Beall, Stephen Gelb, Shireen Hassim. Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 31, No. 4, “Fragile Stability: State and
Society in Democratic South Africa” (Dec., 2005), 681-700. Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Stable
URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25065041."Cloning." World of Scientific Discovery. Gale, 2010. Gale Science In Context. Web. 22 Oct. 2010.
Digital files may be in various file types (jpeg, tiff, gif, pdf, mp3, etc. ) that are independent of a book or website. For example, these may be on your computer as a legally downloaded file or as a saved scanned image file. Provide as much information as possible.
Artist's name, last name first. "Title of work." Date work was created. Publisher, date. FILE Format file.
Hudson, Jennifer, perf. "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going." Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture. Sony BMG,
2006. MP3 file.McQuillan, Dorothy. "Dogwood Blossoms." April 2009. JPEG file.
E-Mail Communication
Name of person who wrote the email, last name, first name. "Title of the email." (from the subject field)
E-Mail to recipient. Date email was received. Medium.Solo, Han. "Party Plans for Chewbacca." E-Mail to Wookie Club. 30 November 2006. E-mail.
Author. Posting Title. Facebook.com. Date Posted. Web. Date Accessed. <URL>.
World Wildlife Fund.org. Pristine sea monuments edge closer to protection off Chile. Facebook.com. 26 August 2010.
Web. 21 October 2010.
<http://www.facebook.com/posted.php?id=20373776304&share_id=146030912094513&comments=1>.NOTE: URL is optional.
FILM, video recording, or DVD
Title of film. Dir. Name. Perf. Names of significant performers. Distributor, year of release. Medium.
It's a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, and Thomas Mitchell.
RKO, 1946. Film.If you are citing a video or DVD, use the same format but include medium, name of distributor and date of publish.
It's a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, and Thomas Mitchell.
RKO, 1946. Republic, 2001. DVD.
IMAGE (photograph, drawing, graph from a book)
Artist's name, last name first. "Title of work." Date work was created. Name of institution that houses
the work (e.g. a museum) or name of owner. Title of book. Author's name or editor's name. Place:
Publisher, date. page number (or plate number, etc.). Medium.Johns, Jasper. "Three Flags." 1958.Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. History of Art. H.W. Janson.
New York: Abrams. 1991. 749. Print.
IMAGE (photograph, graphic, etc. from a website)
Artist's name, last name first. "Title of work." Date work was created. Name of institution that houses work
(e.g. a museum) or name of owner. Title of web site. Web. Date of access. <URL>.Wilson A. Bentley. "Snowflake." c.1905. Museum of Modern Art, NY. MoMA.org. Web. 19 June 2009.
<http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?object_id=102870 >.NOTE: URL is optional.
INTERVIEW
Name of interviewee, Last name first. Personal interview. Date of interview.
LECTURESpeaker's name. "Title of the lecture". Name of meeting. Program sponsor. Location, date. Medium.
Potter, Harry James. "Springtime at Hogwarts School". School Seasons. NSHS Library, Newton, 1 April 2011. Lecture.
MAGAZINES
PAPER ISSUE:
Author of article (if listed) Last name first. "Title of Article." Title of Magazine Date of issue: page(s). Medium.
Blanding, Michael. "Strings of Desire." Boston Magazine Oct. 2000: 100-103. Print.ELECTRONIC ISSUE: online database source
For online subscription databases (eg. InfoTrac, JStor, Student Resource Center, Social Studies Database, etc.) use the source citation information given with the article. e.g."The Missouri way; Cracking down on illegal immigration." The Economist (US) 391.8635 (June 13, 2009): 47EU.
General OneFile. Gale. Newton South High School. 16 June 2009.
<http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS>.
ELECTRONIC ISSUE: Web based
Author of article (if listed) Last name first. "Title of Article." Title of overall website. Publisher or sponsor.
Date of publication (day, month and year). Web. <URL>.Park, Alice. "Larks and Owls: How Sleep Habits Affect Grades." TIME.com. Time. June 10, 2009. Web.
< http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1903838,00.html>.NOTE: URL is optional
TOP
MAP or chart (not in a book or atlas)
Title. Map. City: Publisher, copyright date. Medium.
Africa. Map. Washington: National Geographic Society, 1980. Print.
map or chart (in an atlas or a book )
Title of book. Editor's name. "Title of map." Map. City: Publisher, copyright date. Page(s). Medium.
World Atlas. Andrew Heritage, ed. "Bulgaria & Greece." Map. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2000. 116-117. Print.
TOP
NEWSPAPERSPAPER ISSUE:
Author of article (if listed) Last name first. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper Date of issue: Section.
page(s). Medium.Coleman, Sandy. "State Hit for Poor Libraries." Boston Globe 26 Oct. 2000: B1+. Print.
ELECTRONIC ISSUE:
Author of article (if listed) Last name first. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper Date of issue: pages (if
listed). Name of database (if applicable). Name of subscription service. Date of access. <URL>.Jan, Tracy. "Harvard's paper cuts: School library works to maintain stature in the shift to digital." Boston Globe 24
May 2010, Boston Globe. Web. 22 Oct. 2010.
<http://www.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2010/05/24/ for_harvards_library_an_arduous_digital_shift/>
NOTE: URL is optional.
PAMPHLET cite as a book
Last name, First name. Title. City: Publisher, copyright date. Medium.
Furrie, Betty. Understanding MARC Bibliographic: machine-readable cataloging. Washington, DC:
Library of Congress in collaboration with Follett Software Co., 2003. Print.
PODCAST
Author, host or producer. "Title of podcast." Title of program. Release date. Name of organization that sponsors the
website. Web. Date of access. Podcast. <URL>.Ashbrook, Tom. "Texting Trends & Human Contact". On Point with Tom Ashbrook. Web. 19 October 2010. NPR and
WBUR.org. 21 October 2010. Podcast. <http://www.onpointradio.org/2010/10/texting-human-contact>.NOTE: URL is optional.
POWERPOINT PRESENTATION (or lecture, speech, etc.)
If you took notes on a PowerPoint Presentation given at a conference, lecture or meeting, you should cite it as a lecture or public address.Author. "Title of presentation." Location (place, city, state). Date. Description.
Matuozzi, Robert. "Archive Trauma." Archive Trouble. MLA Annual Convention. Hyatt Regency, Chicago. 29 Dec.
2007. Address.If you accessed the PowerPoint presentation via the Internet, it should be cited as a webpage, with the addition of PowerPoint presentation before the last updated date.
McQuillan, Dorothy. "How to Write a Thesis Statement." Newton South High School Library. Web. PowerPoint
presentation. 23 November 2006.
SOUND RECORDINGS (audio CDs, records, tape recordings,etc.)Author or performer of work (if listed) Last name first. "Tilte of individual song" if applicable. Title of Work.
Publisher, copyright date. Medium.Davis, Miles. "'Round Midnight". Acoustic. Sony Music Entertainment, 1996. CD.
TRANSLATION
Name of author, last name first. Title. Trans. translator's name, last name first, ed. editor's name,
last name first. City: Publisher, copyright date. Medium.Allende, Isabel. The House of the Spirits. Trans. Magda Bogim. New York: Bantam, 1985. Print.
TV or RADIO PROGRAM
"Title of episode or segment." Title of program. Title of series if any. Name of network. Call letters and city.
Broadcast date. Medium."Books." Chronicle. ABC. WCVB, Boston. 3 December 2003. Television Broadcast.
TWITTER cite as a web posting
Twitter Handle. Web log post. Twitter.com. Date posted. Web. Date Accessed. <URL>.
@whitehouse. Web log post. Twitter.com. 19 October 2010. Web. 22 October 2010. <http://www.twitter.com/whitehouse/>.
NOTE: URL is optional.
WEBSITEAuthor of webpage (if listed) Last name first. Title of Webpage. Date webpage was published or
last updated(if available). Web. Date of access. <URL>.Galvin, William Francis. Elections: How to Register to Vote in Massachusetts. Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
16 June 2009. Web. <http://www.sec.state.ma.us/ele/eleifv/howreg.htm>.
YOUTUBE
TItle of Video. Date of Publication of Video. YouTube. Web. Date Accessed. <URL>
JK Wedding Entrance Dance. 19 July 2009. YouTube. Web. 21 October 2010.
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-94JhLEiN0>.NOTE: URL is optional.
INTERNAL NOTES / In-Text Citations -- footnotes in text -- parenthetical documentation
Your bibliography will provide your readers with a list of the resources you used in your research. Within your paper you can give specific credit to the pages you used in several ways.
1. The most direct way is by using internal footnotes.
Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece Mona Lisa has a smile that may be interpreted as "the echo of a momentary mood, and as
a timeless, symbolic expression" (Janson 440).
This indicates the reference came from page 440 in a book by Janson
Leonardo da Vinci created many works but his masterpiece Mona Lisa can be "described as the world's most famous
painting" (Kemp 19:180).
This indicates the reference came from volume 19, page 180 in a work by Kemp.
2. There are several indirect methods to identify the source of information:
AUTHOR'S NAME IN TEXT:
Janson compares the portrait to other historical works (440-449).
This indicates the reference came from pages 440-449 in a book by Janson .
Kemp discusses the identity of the sitter (19:184).
This indicates the reference came from volume 19, page 184 in a work by Kemp.
AUTHOR'S NAME IN REFERENCE:
Some comparisons have been made (Janson 440-449).
This indicates the reference came from pages 440-449 in a book by Janson.
The identity of the sitter has been suggested by many (Kemp 19:184).
This indicates the reference came from volume 19 page 184 in a work by Kemp.These indirect formats can be applied to other resources as well, including periodicals, websites, etc.
In your bibliography these citations would look like this:
Janson, H.W. History of Art. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 1986.
Kemp, Martin. "Leonardo da Vinci." The Dictionary of Art. Ed. Jane Turner. New York: Grove, 2002
SAMPLE BIBLIOGRAPHY / WORKS CITED
Allende, Isabel. "Toad's Mouth." A Hammock Beneath the Mangoes: Stories from Latin America.
Ed. Thomas Colchie. New York: Plume, 1992. 83-88. Print.Bradley, David. "Cloud Spotting ." Weblog Entry. Sciencebase Science Blog. 12 June 2009. Web.
Coleman, Sandy. "State Hit for Poor Libraries." Boston Globe 26 Oct. 2000: B1+. Print.
16 June 2009.Deese, David, A. "Persian Gulf War." The World Book Online . 2002. World Book, Inc. 29 Sept. 2002. Web.
<http://www.worldbookonline.com>.It's a Wonderful Life. Dir. Frank Capra. Perf. James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, and Thomas
Mitchell. RKO, 1946. Republic, 2001. DVD.Kemp, Martin. "Leonardo da Vinci." The Dictionary of Art. Ed. Jane Turner. New York: Grove, 2002. Print.
McQuillan, Dorothy. "How to Write a Thesis Statement." Newton South High School Library. Web. PowerPoint
presentation. 23 November 2006.Obama, Michelle. Personal interview. 23 September 2009.
Park, Alice. " Larks and Owls: How Sleep Habits Affect Grades." TIME.com. Time. June 10, 2009. Web.
Redon, Odile, Françoise Sabban, and Sylvia Silvano Serventi. The Medieval Kitchen: Recipes from France
and Italy. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1988. Print.Solo, Han. "Party Plans for Chewbacca." E-mail to Wookie Club. 30 November 2009. E- mail.
All bibliographic examples in this handout were developed using the Modern Language Association(MLA) formats as described in the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition, ©2009.
Prepared
by the Newton South High School Library staff ©2010
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